Irish-American Bibliography
Kerby Miller, revised March 1998

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General

Baines, Dudley. Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Clark, Dennis. Hibernia America: the Irish and regional cultures. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986.

Doyle, David N., "The Irish as urban pioneers in the United States, 1850-1870," Journal of American ethnic history, 10, nos. 1-2 (Fall 1990-Winter 1991), 36-59.

Doyle, David N., and Owen D. Edwards, eds. America and Ireland, 1776-1976. NY: Greenwood Press, 1980.

Drudy, P. J., ed. Irish studies 4. The Irish in America: emigration, assimilation, and impact. Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press, 1985.

Ferrie, Joseph P. Yankeys now: immigrants in the antebellum U.S., 1840-1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Fitzpatrick, David. Irish emigration, 1801-1921. Dublin: Economic & Social History Society of Ireland, 1984.

Fitzpatrick, David, "Irish emigration in the later nineteenth century," Irish historical studies, 22 (September 1980).

Funcheon, Michael F. Irish American voluntary organizations. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983.

Guinnane, Timothy W. The Vanishing Irish: households, migration, and the rural economy in Ireland, 1850-1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.

Hatton, Timothy J., and Jeffrey G. Williamson," After the famine: emigration from Ireland, 1850 1913," Journal of economic history, 53 (Sept. 1993), 575-600.

McCaffrey, Lawrence J. The Irish diaspora in America. Bloomington: Indiana U. Press, 1976.

________________. Textures of Irish America. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1992.

Mageean, Deirdre M., "Emigration from Irish ports," Journal of American ethnic history, 13, no 1 (Fall 1993), 6-30.

Meagher, Timothy J., ed. From Paddy to Studs: Irish-American communities in the turn ofthe century era, 1880-1920. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986. Excellent essays

by Meagher, Mitchell, and Skerritt.

Miller, Kerby A., "Class, culture, and immigrant group identity in the United States: the case of Irish-American ethnicity," in Virginia Yans-McLaughlin, ed., Immigration reconsidered: history, sociology, and politics. NY: Oxford U. Press, 1990.

Miller, Kerby A. Emigrants and exiles: Ireland and the Irish exodus to North America. NY: Oxford University Press, 1985.

O'Sullivan, Patrick, ed. The Irish World Wide Series. Six vols. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992-1997.

Potter, George. To the golden door: the story of the Irish in Ireland and America. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1960.

Shannon, William. The American Irish. NY: Macmillan, 1963.

Smyth, William J., "Irish emigration, 1700-1920," in P. C. Emmer and M. Morner, eds. European expansion and migration: essays on the intercontinental migration from Africa, Asia, and Europe. NY: Berg [dist. by St. Martin's], 1992.

Wittke, Carl. THE IRISH IN AMERICA. BATON ROUGE: Louisiana State U. Press, 1956.

Sociological Studies

Corcoran, Mary P. Irish illegals: transients between two societies. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood, 1993.

Fallows, Marjorie R. Irish Americans. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1979.

Greeley, Andrew M. That most distressful nation: the taming of the American Irish. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1972.

Community and Regional Studies: New England

Cole, D. B. Immigrant city: Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1845-1921. Chapel Hill: U. of North Carolina Press, 1963.

Gitelman, H. M. The workingmen of Waltham, 1850-90. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1974.

Handlin, Oscar. Boston's immigrants, 1790-1880: a study in acculturation. Revised ed. NY: Atheneum, 1979.

Hoffman, Charles and Tess. Brotherly love: murder and the politics of prejudice in nineteenth century Rhode Island. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993.

Meagher, Timothy J., "Irish all the time: ethnic consciousness among the Irish in Worcester, Massachusetts, 1880-1905," Journal of social history, 19 (Winter 1985), 273-303.

Mitchell, Brian. The paddy camps: the Irish of Lowell, 1821-61. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1988.

Mundy, James H. Hard times, hard men: Maine and the Irish, 1830-1860. Scarborough: Harp, 1990.

O’Connor, Thomas H. The Boston Irish: a political history. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1995.

Ryan, Dennis P. Beyond the ballot box: a social history of the Boston Irish, 1845-1917. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson U. Press, 1983.

Thernstrom, Stephen. Poverty and progress: social mobility in a nineteenth-century city. New York: Atheneum, 1969. [Newburyport, Mass.]

Thernstrom, Stephen. The other Bostonians: poverty and progress in the American metropolis, 1880-1970. Cambridge: Harvard U. Press, 1973.

Middle Atlantic

Bayor, Ronald H., and Timothy J. Meagher, eds. The New York Irish. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Clark, Dennis. Irish relations: trials of an Irish immigrant tradition. East Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers U. Press, 1981. [On Philadelphia]

Clark, Dennis. The Irish in Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Temple U. Press, 1973.

Ernst, Robert. Immigrant life in New York City, 1825-63. NY: Columbia U. Press, 1949 [reprinted 1965].

Gerber, David A. The making of an American pluralism: Buffalo, New York, 1825-60. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1989.

Harris, Howard, "'The eagle to watch and the harp to tune the nation': Irish immigrants, politics, and early industrialization in Paterson, New Jersey, 1824-1836," Journal of social history, 23 (Spring 1990), 575-97.

Rodechko, James, "Irish-American society in the Pennsylvania antrhacite region, 1870-80," in John Bodnar, ed., The ethnic experience in Pennsylvania. Lewisburg: Bucknell U. Press, 1973.

Scherzer, Kenneth A. The unbounded community: neighborhood life and social structure in NNew York City, 1830-1875. Durham: Duke U. Press, 1992.

Shaw, Douglas V. The making of an immigrant city . . . Jersey City. NY: Arno, 1976.

Midwest

Benson, James K. Irish and German families and the economic development of midwestern cities, 1860-1895. Hamden, Ct.: Garland, 1990.

Conzen, Kathleen N. Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-60. Cambridge: Harvard U. Press, 1976.

Doyle, Don H. The social order of a frontier community: Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-70. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1978.

Gjerde, Jon. The minds of the west: ethnocultural evolution in the rural Middle West, 1830-1917. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.

McCaffrey, Lawrence J., et al. The Irish in Chicago. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1987.

Excellent essays by Skerritt and Fanning. Sullivan, Margaret Lo Piccolo. Hyphenism in St. Louis, 1900-1921: the view from the outside. Hamden, Ct.: Garland, 1990.

Vinyard, Jo-Ellen McN. The Irish on the urban frontier: Detroit, 1850-80. NY: Arno, 1976.

Wyman, Mark. Immigrants in the valley: Irish, Germans, and Americans in the upper Mississippi country, 1830-80. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1984.

South

Berlin, Ira, and Herbert G. Gutman, "Natives and immigrants, free men and slaves: urban workingmen in the antebellum South," American historical review, 88 (Dec. 1983), 1175 1200.

Clark, Dennis, "The South's Irish Catholics: a case of cultural confinement," in Randall M. Miller and John L. Wakelyn, eds., Catholics in the old south. Macon, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1983.

McAleer, Margaret H., “‘The green streets of Washington’: the experiences of Irish mechanics in antebellum Washington,” in Francine Curro Cary, ed. Urban odyssey: a multicultural history of Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996.

McWhiney, Grady. Cracker culture: Celtic ways in the old south. Tuscaloosa: U. of Alabama Press, 1988.

Niehaus, Earl F. The Irish in New Orleans, 1800-60. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State U. Press, 1965; NY: Arno, 1976.

Rousey, Dennis C., "Aliens in the WASP nest: ethnocultural diversity in the antebellum urban South," Journal of American history, 79, 1 (June 1992), 152-64.

West

Brundage, David. The making of western labor radicalism: Denver's organized workers, 1878 1905. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994.

Burchell, Robert A. The San Francisco Irish, 1848-80. Berkeley: U. of California Press, 1980.

Emmons, David M. The Butte Irish: class and ethnicity in an american mining town, 1875- 1925. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1989.

Journal of the West, 31 (April 1992). Entire issue devoted to essays on the Irish in the West, incl. a bibliog. essay by Nancy J. Emmick.

Colonial and Pre-Famine Irish Immigrants

Adams, William F. Ireland and the Irish emigration to the new world, from 1815 to the famine. New Haven: Yale U. Press, 1932.

Blethen, H. Tyler, and Curtis W. Wood, Jr., eds. Ulster and North America: transatlantic perspectives on the Scotch-Irish. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997.

Cullen, L. P., "The Irish diaspora of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries," in Nicholas Canny, ed., Europeans on the move: studies on European migration, 1500-1800. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.

Dickson, R. J. Ulster emigration to colonial America, 1718-1785. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1966.

Doyle, David N. Ireland, Irishmen, and Revolutionary America. Cork: Mercier Press, 1981.

Doyle, David N. "The Irish in North America, 1776-1845," in W. E. Vaughn, ed., A new history of Ireland, V: Ireland under the union, I--1801-1870. Oxford" Clarendon Press, 1989.

Fischer, David Hackett. Albion's seed: four British folkways in America. NY: Oxford U. Press, 1989.

Fitzpatrick, Rory. God's frontiersmen: the Scots-Irish epic. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989.

Ford, Henry J. The Scotch-Irish in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915.

Green, E. R. R., ed. Essays in Scotch-Irish history. London, 1969.

Johnson, George Lloyd, Jr. The frontier in the colonial South: South Carolina backcountry, 1736-1800. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood, 1997.

Jones, Maldwyn A., "The Scotch-Irish in British America," in Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Strangers within the realm: cultural margins of the first British empire. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.

Lemon, James T. The best poor man's country: a geographical study of early southeastern Pennsylvania. New York: Norton, 1976.

Leyburn, James G. The Scotch-Irish: a social history. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962.

Westerkamp, Marilyn J. Triumph of the laity: Scots-Irish piety and the Great Awakening, 1625-1760. NY: Oxford U. Press, 1988.

Irish and the Catholic Church

Brown, Dorothy M., and Elizabeth McKeown. The poor belong to us: Catholic charities and American welfare. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Browne, Henry J. The Catholic church and the Knights of Labor. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1949.

Carey, Patrick W. People, priests, and prelates: ecclesiastical democracy and the tensions of trusteeism. Notre Dame: Notre Dame U. Press, 1987.

___________. The Roman Catholics in America. New York: Praeger, 1996.

Cross, Robert D. The emergence of liberal Catholicism in America. Cambridge: Harvard U. Press, 1958.

Dolan, Jay P. The American Catholic experience: a history from colonial times to the present. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1985.

Dolan, Jay P. Immigrant church: New York's Irish and German Catholics, 1815-65. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1965.

Donovan, Grace, "Immigrant nuns: the participation in the process of Americanization: Massachusetts and Rhode Island, 1880-1920," Catholic historical review, 77 (Apr. 1991), 194-208.

Good, Patricia K., "Irish adjustment to American society: a portrait of an Irish Catholic parish, 1863-86," Records of the American Catholic historical society of Philadelphia, 86 (March-December 1975), 7-23.

Kane, Paula M. Separatism and subculture: Boston Catholicism, 1900-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994.

Shanabruch, C. Chicago's Catholics: evolution of an American identity. Notre Dame: Notre Dame U. Press, 1980.

Skerrett, Ellen, “Chicago’s Irish and ‘brick and mortar’ Catholicism: a reappraisal,” U.S. Catholic historian (Spring 1996), 53-71.

Taves, Ann. The household of faith: Roman Catholic devotions in mid-19th century America. Notre Dame: Notre Dame U. Press, 1986.

Walch, Timothy. Parish chool: American Catholic parochial education from colonial times to the present. New York: Crossroad, 1996.

American Images of the Irish, Anti-Irish Prejudice, and Nativist Movements

Anbinder, Tyler. Nativism and slavery: the northern Know-Nothings and the politics of the 1850s. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Billington, Ray A. The Protestant crusade, 1800-1860: a study of the origins of American nativism. NY: Macmillan, 1932.
Carter, Edward C., "A 'wild Irishman' under every Federalist's bed: naturalization in Philadelphia, 1789-1806," Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography, 94 (July 1970), 331-46.

Cuddy, Edward, "The Irish question and the revival of anti-Catholicism in the 1920s," Catholic historical review, 67 (April 1981).

Curtis, L. Perry, Jr. Apes and angels: the Irishman in Victorian caricature. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997 revised ed.

Higham, John. Strangers in the land: patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925. New York: Atheneum, 1971.

Knobel, Dale T. “America for the Americans”: the nativist movement in the United States. New York: Twayne of Macmillan, 1996.

____________. Paddy and the republic: ethnicity and nationality in antebellum America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan U. Press, 1986.

Montgomery, David, "The shuttle and the cross: weavers and artisans in the Kensington riots of 1844," Journal of social history, 5 (1972), 411-39.

O’Rourke, Kevin. Currier and Ives: the Irish and America. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1995.

Wallace, Les. The rhetoric of anti-Catholicism: the American Protective Association, 1887-1911. Hamden, Ct.: Garland, 1990.

Williams, William H. A. ‘Twas only an Irishman’s dream: the image of Ireland and the Irish in American popular song lyrics, 1800-1920. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.

Irish-American Nationalism

Belchem, John, “Nationalism, republicanism and exile: Irish emigrants and the revolutions of 1848,” Past & Present, No. 146 (1995), 103-35.

____________, "Republican spirit and military science: the 'Irish brigade' and Irish-American nationalism in 1848," Irish historical studies, XXIX, no. 113 (May 1994), 44-64.

Brown, Thomas N. Irish-American nationalism, 1870-1890. Philadelphia: Lippencott, 1966.

Brown, Thomas N., "The origins and character of Irish-American nationalism," Review of politics, 18, no. 3 (July 1956), 327-58.

Carroll, Francis M. American opinion and the Irish question, 1910-23. NY, 1978.

Clark, Dennis. Irish blood: Northern Ireland and the American conscience. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1977.

Doorley, Michael. “The Friends of Irish Freedom: A Study of an Irish-American Diaspora Nationalism.” Ph.D. diss.: U. of Illinois-Chicago, 1995.

Durey, Michael. Transatlantic radicals and the early American republic. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995-96.

Foner, Eric, "Class, ethnicity, and radicalism in the gilded age: the Land League and Irish America," Marxist perspectives, 1 (Summer 1975).

Funcheon, Michael F. Chicago's Irish nationalists, 1881-90. NY: Arno, 1976.

Golway, Terry. Irish rebel: John Devoy and America’s fight for Ireland’s freedom. New York: St. Martin’s, 1998.

Holland, Dennis. The American connection: U.S. guns, money, and influence in Northern Ireland. NY: Penguin, 1988.

Jacobson, Matthew F. Special Sorrows: The Diasporic Imagination of Irish, Polish, and Jewish Immigrants in the United States. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995.

Joyce, William L. Editors and ethnicity: history of the Irish-American press, 1848-83. NY: Arno, 1976.

McKillen, Elizabeth. Chicago labor and the quest for a democratic diplomacy, 1914-1924. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995.

Moriarty, T. F., "Irish-American response to Catholic emancipation," Catholic historical review, 66 (July 1980), 353-73.

Moss, Kenneth, "St. Patrick's Day celebration and the formation of Irish-American identity, 1845 1875," Journal of social history, 29: 1 (1995), 125-48.

O’Clery, Conor. Daring diplomacy: Clinton’s secret search for peace in Ireland. Boulder: Roberts Rinehart, 1997.

Osofsky, Gilbert, "Abolitionists, Irish immigrants, and the dilemmas of romantic nationalism," American historical review, 80 (Oct. 1975), 889-912.

Walsh, Victor, "'A fanatic heart': the cause of Irish-American nationalism in Pittsburgh during the gilded age," Journal of social history, 15 (December 1981).

Ward, Alan. Ireland and Anglo-American relations, 1890-1922. Toronto, 1969.

Wilson, Andrew J. Irish-America and the Ulster conflict, 1968-1995. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1995.

Wilson, David. United Irishmen, United States: immigrant radicals in the early republic. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.

Irish-American Working Class History

Arnesen, Eric. Waterfront workers of New Orleans: race, class, and politics, 1863-1923. NY: Oxford U. Press, 1990.

Babson, Steve. Building the union: skilled workers and Anglo-Gaelic immigrants in the rise of the U.A.W. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers U. Press, 1990.

Barrett, James. Work and community in the jungle: Chicago's packinghouse workers, 1894-1922. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1987.

Browne, Henry J. The Catholic church and the Knights of Labor. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1949.

Brundage, David, "After the Land League: the persistence of Irish-American labor radicalism in Denver, 1897-1905," Journal of American ethnic history, 11, 3 (Spring 1992).

Brundage, David. The making of western labor radicalism: Denver's organized workers, 1878 1905. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994.

Brundage, David, "Irish land and American workers: class and ethnicity in Denver, Colorado," in Dirk Hoerder, ed. "Struggle a hard battle": essays on working-class immigrants. DeKalb: Northern Illinois U. Press, 1986.

Brundage, David, "The producing classes and the saloon: Denver in the 1880s," Labor history, 26, no. 1 (Winter 1985).

Doyle, David N., "The Irish and American labour, 1880-1920," Saothar: Journal of the Irish labour history society, 1 (1975).

Cumbler, J. T. Working class community in industrial America: work, leisure, and struggle in two industrial cities, 1880-1930. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1979.

Emmons, David M. The Butte Irish: class and ethnicity in an American mining town, 1875- 1925. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1989.

Fink, Leon. Workingmen's democracy: the Knights of labor and American politics. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1983.

Freeman, Joshua B. In transit: the Transport Workers Union in New York City, 1933-1966. NY: Oxford U. Press, 1989.

Foner, Eric, "Radicalism in the gilded age: the Land League and Irish America," Marxist perspectives, 1 (1978), 42-53.

Gordon, Michael, "Irish immigrant culture and the labor boycott in New York City, 1880-1920," in Richard Ehrlich, ed., Immigrants in industrial America, 1850-1920. Charlottesville: U. of Virginia Press, 1977.

___________, "Labor boycotts in New York City, 1880-86," Labor history, 16 (1975).

___________. The orange riots: Irish political violence in New York City, 1870 and 1871. Ithaca: Cornell U. Press, 1993.

Hartford, William F. Working people of Holyoke: class and ethnicity in a Massachusetts mill town, 1850-1960. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers U. Press, 1990.

Hirsch, Eric L. Urban revolt: ethnic politics in the nineteenth-century Chicago labor movement. Berkeley: U. of California Press, 1990.

Juravich, Tom, William F. Hartford, and James R. Green, eds. Commonwealth of toil: chapters in the history of Massachusetts workers and their unions. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996.

Karson, Marc. American labor unions and politics, 1900-18. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois State U. Press, 1958.

Kazin, Michael. Barons of labor: the San Francisco building trades and union power in the Progressive era. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1987.

Kenny, Kevin, "The Molly Maguires in popular culture," Journal of American ethnic history, 14: 4 (Summer 1995), 27-46.
___________. Making sense of the Molly Maguires. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Laurie, Bruce. The working people of Philadelphia, 1800-50. Philadelphia: Temple U. Press, 1980.

McKillen, Elizabeth. Chicago labor and the quest for a democratic diplomacy, 1914-1924. Ithaca,Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995.

Mink, Gwendolyn. Old labor and new immigrants in American political development: union, party, and state, 1875-1920. Ithaca: Cornell U. Press, 1986.

Montgomery, David. Beyond equality: labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862-72. New York: Knopf, 1967.

Montgomery, David, "The shuttle and the cross: weavers and artisans in the Kensington riots of 1844," Journal of social history, 5 (1972), 411-39.

O’Donnell, Loguori A. Irish voice and organized labor in America: a biographical study. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997.

Oestreicher, Richard J. Solidarity and fragmentation: working people and class conscienceness in Detroit, 1875-1900. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1986.

Palladino, Grace. Another civil war: labor, capital, and the state in the antrhacite regions of Pennsylvania, 1840-1868. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1990.

Ross, Steven. Workers on the edge: work, leisure, and politics in industrializing Cincinnati, 1788-1890. NY: Columbia U. Press, 1987.

Rozensweig, Roy. Eight hours for what we will: workers and leisure in an industrial city, 1870-1920. Cambridge: Harvard U. Press, 1983.

Saxton, Alexander. The indispensable enemy: labor and the anti-Chinese movement in California. Berkeley: U. of California Press, 1971.

Stott, Richard B. Workers in the metropolis: class, ethnicity, and youth in antebellum New York City. Ithaca: Cornell U. Press, 1990.

Voss, Kim. The making of American exceptionalism: the Knights of Labor and class formation in the nineteenth century. Ithaca: Cornell U. Press, 1993.

Walkowitz, Daniel J. Worker city, company town: iron and cotton workers in Troy and Cohoes, New York, 1855-84. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1978.

Way, Peter. Common labour: workers and the digging of North American canals, 1780-1860. NY: Cambridge U. Press, 1993.

________, "Evil humors and ardent spirits: the rough culture of canal construction laborers," Journal of American history, 79, no. 4 (March 1993), 1397-1428.

________, "Shovel and shamrock: Irish workers and labor violence in the digging of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal," Labor history, 30 (Fall 1989), 489-517.

Irish Women in Ireland and America

Bourke, Joanna, "'The best of all home rulers': the economic power of women in Ireland, 1880 1914," Irish economic and social history, 18 (1991), 24-37.

Casway, Jerrold, "Irish women overseas, 1500-1800," in Margaret MacCurtain and Mary O'Dowd, eds. Women in early modern Ireland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh U. Press, 1990.

Clear, Caitriona. Nuns in nineteenth-century Ireland. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1987.

Conners, Margaret E., "The Irish and Irish-American family in Albany, New York, 1850- 1915," in Blanche M. Touhill, ed., Varieties of Ireland, varieties of Irish-America. St. Louis, 1976.

Diner, Hasia R. Erin's daughters in America: Irish immigrant women in the nineteenth century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1983.

Dudden, Faye E. Serving women: household service in nineteenth-century America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan U. Press, 1983.

Fine, Lisa M. The souls of the skyscraper: female clerical workers in Chicago, 1870-1930. Philadelphia: Temple U. Press, 1990.

Fitzgerald, Maureen, "The perils of 'passion and poverty': women religious and the care of single women in New York City, 1845-1890," U.S. Catholic Historian, 10, nos. 1/2 (1992), 45 58.

Fitzpatrick, David, "'A share of the honeycomb': education, emigration, and Irishwomen," in Mary Daly and David Dickson, eds. The origins of popular literacy in Ireland: language Modern History, 1990.

Fitzpatrick, David, "The modernisation of the Irish female," in Patrick O'Flanagan, Paul Ferguson, and Kevin Whelan, eds., Rural Ireland, 1600-1900: modernisation and change. Cork: Cork U. Press, 1987.

Fitzpatrick, David, "Women, gender and the writing of Irish history," Irish historical studies, XXVIII, no. 107 (May 1991), 267-73.

Gabaccia, Donna. Immigrant women in the United States: a selectively annotated, multi disciplinary bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989.

Groneman, Carol, "'She earns as a man . . . '", in Milton Cantor and Bruce Laurie, eds., Sex, class, and the woman worker. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1977.

Groneman, Carol, "Working-class immigrant women in mid-19th century New York: the Irish women's experience," Journal of urban history, 4 (May 1978).

Gross, Stephen, "Domestic labor as a life-course event: the effects of ethnicity in turn-of-the century America," Social science history, 15 (Fall 1991), 397-416. [In the same issue, also see Joy K. Lintelman's article on Swedish-American domestic servants, for comparisons with Irish.]

Harzig, Christine, et al. Peasant maids--city women: from the European countryside to urban America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997.

Hoy, Suellen, and Margaret MacCurtain. From Dublin to New Orleans: the journey of Nora and Alice. Dublin: Attic Press, 1994.

Katzman, David M. Seven days a week: work and domestic service in industrializing America. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1978.

Kennedy, Robert E. The Irish: emigration, marriage, and fertility. Berkeley: U. of California Press, 1975.

Kessler-Harris, A. Out to work: a history of wage-earning women in the United States. New York, 1982.

Kolmer, Elizabeth, "Women religious in the United States: a survey of recent literature,"U.S. Catholic Historian, 10 , nos. 1/2 (1992), 87-92.

Lamphere, Louise. From working daughters to working mothers: immigrant women in a New England industrial community. Ithaca: Cornell U. Press, 1987.

Lee, Joseph, "Women and the church since the famine," in Margaret MacCurtain and Donnacha O Corráin, eds., Women in Irish society: the historical demension. Dublin: Arlen House, 1978.

Luddy, Maria, Margaret MacCurtain, and Mary O'Dowd, "An agenda for women's history in Ireland, 1500-1900," Irish historical studies, XXVIII, no. 109 (May 1992), 1-37.

Luddy, Maria, and Ckoona Murphy, eds. Women surviving: studies in Irish women's history in the 19th and 20th centuries. Dublin: Poolbeg Press, 1990.

McDannell, Colleen. The Christian home in Victorian America, 1840-1900. Bloomington: Indiana U. Press, 1986.

Mageean, Dierdre, "Catholic sisterhoods and the immigrant church," in Donna Gabaccia, ed., Seeking common ground: multidisciplinary studies of immigrant women in the United States. Westport: Praeger, 1992.

Miller, Kerby A., "For love and for liberty: Irishwomen, emigration, and domesticity in Ireland and America, 1815-1920," in Patrick O'Sullivan, ed., The Irish world wide: history, heritage, identity. Volume four: Irish women and Irish migration. London: Leicester U. Press, 1994.

Murphy, Maureen, "Charlotte Grace O'Brien and the Mission of Our Lady of the Rosary for the Protection of Irish immigrant girls," Mid-America, 74 (Oct. 1992), 253-70.

Neville, Grace, "'She never then after that forgot him': Irishwomen and emigration to the United States in Irish folklore," Mid-America, 74 (Oct. 1992), 271-90.

Nolan, Janet. Ourselves alone: women's emigration from Ireland, 1885-1920. Lexington: U. Press of Kentucky, 1989.

________, "The Catholic immigrant woman in urban America," Mid-America, 74 (Oct. 1992), 201-4 [entire issue devoted to Irish women immigrants].

Palmer, Phyllis. Domesticity and dirt: housewives and domestic servants in the United States, 1920-1945. Philadelphia: Temple U. Press, 1990.

Rhodes, Rita. Women and the family in post-famine Ireland: status and opportunity in a patriarchal society. NY: Garland Press, 1992.

Stansell, Christine. City of women: sex and class in New York, 1789-1860. NY: Knopf, 1987.

Strom, Sharon Hartman. Beyond the typewriter: gender, class, and the origins of modern American office work, 1900-1930. Urbana: U. of ILlinois Press, 1992.

Taves, Ann. The household of faith: Roman Catholic devotions in mid-19th century America. Notre Dame: Notre Dame U. Press, 1986.

Turbin, Carole. Working women of collar city: gender, class and community in Troy, 1864-86. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1993.

Van Raaphorst, Donna L. Union maids not wanted: organizing domestic workers, 1870-1940. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press/Praeger, ca. 1986-87.

Weiner, Lynn Y. From working girl to working mother: the female labor force in the United States, 1820-1880. Chapel Hill: U. of North Carolina Press, 1985.

Irish in American Politics
Alswang, J. M. Bosses, machines, and urban voters: an American symbiosis. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1977.
Bridges, Amy. A city in the republic: Antebellum New York and the origins of machine politics. Ithaca: Cornell U. Press, 1984.
Bernstein, Iver. The New York City draft riots: their significance for American society and politics in the age of the Civil War. NY: Oxford U. Press, 1990.

Buenker, John D. Urban liberalism and Progressive reform. NY: Norton, 1978.

Connolly, James J. The triumph of ethnic Progressivism: urban political culture in Boston, 1900 1925. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.

Erie, Steven. Rainbow's end: Irish-Americans and the dilemmas of urban machine politics, 1840 1985. Berkeley: U. of California Press, 1988.

Huthmacher, J. Joseph. Massachusetts people and politics, 1919-1933. NY: Atheneum, 1969.

Levine, Edward M. The Irish and Irish politicians. South Bend: Notre Dame U. Press, 1966.

McNickle, Chris. To be mayor of New York: ethnic politics in the city. N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1993.

Mink, Gwendolyn. Old labor and new immigrants in American political development: union, party, and state, 1875-1920. Ithaca: Cornell U. Press, 1986.

O'Connor, Thomas H. The Boston Irish: a political history. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1994. Irish Americans and Racial/Ethnic Prejudice

Bayor, Ronald H. Neighbors in conflict: the Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929-1941. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1978. [Irish anti-Semitism].

Bernstein, Iver. The New York City draft riots: their significance for American society and politics in the age of the Civil War. NY: Oxford U. Press, 1990.

Ignatiev, Noel. How the Irish became white. New York: Routledge, 1995.

McGreevy, John T. Parish boundaries: the Catholic encounter with race in the twentieth-century urban north. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

McMahon, Eileen M. What parish are you from? A Chicago Irish community and race relations. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995.

Mink, Gwendolyn. Old labor and new immigrants in American political development: union, party, and state, 1875-1920. Ithaca: Cornell U. Press, 1986. [Irish-American prejudice against "new immigrants," Chinese, and black workers.]

Osofsky, Gilbert, "Abolitionists, Irish immigrants, and the dilemmas of romantic nationalism," American historical review, 80 (October 1975), 889-912.

Philpot, Thomas L. The slum and the ghetto: neighborhood deterioration and middle-class reform. NY: Oxford University Press, 1978.

Roediger, David. The wages of whiteness: race and the making of the American working class.London: Verso, 1991.

Saxton, Alexander. The indispensable enemy: labor and the anti-Chinese movement in California. Berkeley: U. of California Press, 1971.

Stack, John F. Intenational conflict in an American city: Boston's Irish, Italians, and Jews, 1935 1944. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood, 1979.

Williams, Richard. Hierarchical structures and social value: the creation of Black and Irish identities in the United States. NY: Cambridge U. Press, 1991.

Irish in American Agriculture

Gjerde, Jon. The minds of the west: ethnocultural evolution in the rural Middle West, 1830-1917. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.

Mannion, John R. Irish settlements in eastern Canada. Toronto: U. of Toronto Press, 1974.

McDonald, Grace. History of the Irish in Wisconsin in the 19th century. NY: Arno, 1976.

Shannon, James P. Catholic colonization on the western frontier. New Haven: Yale U. Press, 1957.

Irish-American Society, Culture, and Literature

Carolan, Nicholas. A harvest saved: Francis O’Neill and Irish Music in Chicago. Chester Spring, Pa.: Dufour, 1997.

Duis, Perry. The saloon: public drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880-1920. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 1983.

Fanning, Charles. Finley Peter Dunne and Mr. Dooley: the Chicago years. Lexington: U. Press of Kentucky, 1978.

Fanning, Charles, ed. The exiles of Erin: nineteenth-century Irish-American fiction. Notre Dame: Notre Dame U. Press, 1988.

Fanning, Charles. The Irish voice in America: Irish-American fiction from the 1760s to the 1980s. Lexington: U. Press of Kentucky, 1990.

Grimes, Robert R., S.J. How shall we sing in a foreign land? Music of Irish Catholic immigrants in the antebellum United States. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996.

Hayden, Tom, ed. Irish hunger: personal reflections on the legacy of the Famine. Niwot, Col.: Roberts Rinehart, 1997.

Ibsen, John Duffy. Will the world break your heart? Dimensions and consequences of Irish American assimilation. Hamden, Ct.: Garland, 1990.

Jeffrey, Edith, "Reform, renewal, and vindication: Irish immigrants and the Catholic total abstinence movement in antebellum Philadelphia," Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography, 112 (July 1988), 375-406.

McDannell, Colleen. The Christian home in Victorian America, 1840-1900. Bloomington: Indiana U. Press, 1988.

Perlmann, Joel. Ethnic differences: schooling and social structure among the Irish, Italians, Jews, and Blacks in an American city, 1880-1935. NY: Cambridge U. Press, 1992.

Taves, Ann. The household of faith: Roman Catholic devotions in mid-19th century America. Notre Dame: Notre Dame U. Press, 1986.

Walsh, Victor A., "'Drowning the shamrock': drink, teetotalism, and the Irish Catholics of gilded age Pittsburgh," Journal of American ethnic history, 10, nos. 1-2 (Fall 1990-Winter 1991), 60-79.

White, Richard. Remembering Ahanagran: history and storytelling in a family’s past. New York: Hill & Wang, 1998.

Wilcox, Ralph C., “The shamrock and the eagle: Irish-Americans and sport in the nineteenth century,” in George Eisen and David K. Wiggins, eds., Ethnicity and sport in North American history and culture. New York: Praeger, 1995.

Williams, William H. A. ‘Twas only an Irishman’s dream: the image of Ireland and the Irish in American popular song lyrics, 1800-1920. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.

Effects of Emigration on Irish Society

't Hart, Marjolein, "Irish return migration in the nineteenth century," Journal of economic and social geography, 76, no. 3 (1985), 223-31.

Schrier, Arnold. Ireland and the Irish emigration, 1850-1900. Minneapolis: U. of Minnesota Press, 1958.

Wyman, Mark. Round trip to America: the immigrants return to Europe, 1880-1930. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.

Comparative

Akenson, Donald H. Small differences: Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants, 1815-1922. Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1988.

_____________. The Irish in Ontario: a study in rural history. Kingston: McGill-Queen's U. Press, 1984.

_____________. Half the world from home: perspectives on the Irish in New Zealand, 1860 1950. Wellington: Victoria U. Press [dist. in No. America by Langdale Press], 1990.

Clarke, Brian P. Piety and nationalism: lay voluntary associations and the creation of an Irish Catholic community in Toronto, 1850-1895. Kingston & Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994.

Davis, Richard P. Irish issues in New Zealand politics, 1868-1922. dunedin: U. of Otago Press, 1974.

Elliott, Bruce S. Irish Migrants in the Canadas: A New Approach. Kingston: mcGill-Queen's University Press, 1988.

Fitzpatrick, David. Oceans of Consolation: Personal Accounts of Irish Migration to Australia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994.

Houston, Cecil J. and William J. Smyth. Irish emigration and Canadian settlement: patterns, links, and letters. Toronto: U. of Toronto Press, 1990.

Lees, Lynn R. Exiles of Erin: Irish migrants in Victorian London. Ithaca: Cornell U. Press, 1979.

Lowe, William J. The Irish in mid-Victorian Lancashire: the shaping of a working class community. Washington, D.C.: American University Press, 1989.

Mannion, John. Irish settlements in eastern Canada. Toronto: U. of Toronto Press, 1974.

O'Brien, John, and P. Travers, eds. The Irish emigrant experience in Australia. Dublin: Poolbeg Press, 1991.

O'Driscoll, Robert, and Lorna Reynolds, eds. The Untold Story: The Irish in Canada. Two vols. Toronto: Celtic Arts of Canada, 1988.

O'Farrell, Patrick. The Irish in Australia. Kensington: New South Wales U. Press, 1987.

______________. Through Irish eyes: Australian & New Zealand images of the Irish, 1788 1948. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1995-96.

Swift, Roger, and Sheridan Gilley, eds. The Irish in the Victorian city. London: Croom Helm, 1985.

Wilson, Catherine Anne. A new lease on life: landlords, tenants and immigrants in Ireland and Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994.

Bibliographical

Blessing, Patrick J. The Irish in America: a guide to the literature and the manuscript collections. Washington, D.C.: Catholic U. of America Press, 1992.

Casey, Marion R., with Ann M. Shea. The Irish experience in New York City: a select bibliography. N.Y.: New York Irish History Roundtable, 1995.

Doyle, David N., "The regional bibliography of Irish America, 1800-1930: a review and addendum," Irish historical studies, XXIII, no. 91 (May 1983), 254-83.

Metress, Seamus. The American Irish and Irish nationalism: a sociohistorical introduction and annotated bibliography. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1995.

______________. The Irish-American experience: a guide to the literature. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1981.

Stortz, Gerald J., "Irish immigration to Canada in the 19th century," Immigration history newsletter, 11 (November 1979).

 

THE SCOTS-IRISH IN EARLY AMERICA
[revised March 1998]

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General

Blethen, H. Tyler, and Curtis W. Wood, Jr., eds. Ulster and North America: Transatlantic perspectives on the Scotch-Irish. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997.

Green, E. R. R., ed. Essays in Scotch-Irish history. London, 1969.

Leyburn, James G. The Scotch-Irish: a social history. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962.

Miller, Kerby A. Emigrants and exiles: Ireland and the Irish exodus to North America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Scottish and Ulster Background

General

Bardon, Jonathan. A history of Ulster. Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1992.

Stewart, A. T. Q. The narrow ground: aspects of Ulster, 1609-1969. London: Faber & Faber, 1977.

Scottish Migration and Settlement in Ulster

Gailey, Alan, "The Scots element in north Irish popular culture: some problems in the interpretation of an historical acculturation," Ethnologia Europaea (Göttingen), 8, no. 1 (1975).

Gillespie, Raymond. Colonial Ulster: the settlement of east Ulster, 1600-1641. Cork: Cork University Press, 1985.

Maxwell, M. Perceval. The Scottish migration to Ulster in the reign of James I. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973.

Robinson, Philip. The plantation of Ulster. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan/New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984.

Protestant Society and Religion in Ulster

Brooke, Peter. Ulster Presbyterianism: the historical perspective, 1610-1970. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan/; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987.

*Fischer, David Hackett. Albion's seed: four British folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. [Only a fourth of the book deals with what Fischer calls "North British" (incl. Ulster Protestant) folkways, but it's an important analysis of cultural transplantation to colonial America.]

Hempton, David, and Myrtle Hill. Evangelical Protestantism in Ulster society, 1740-1890. London: Routledge, 1992.

Miller, David W., "Presbyterianism and 'modernization' in Ulster," Past & present, LXXX (1978).

Miller, David W. Queen's rebels: Ulster loyalism in historical perspective. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1978.

*Westerkamp, Marilyn J. Triumph of the laity: Scots-Irish piety and the Great Awakening, 1625 1760. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Protestant Emigration from Ulster

Adams, William Forbes. Ireland and the Irish emigration to the new world from 1815 to the famine. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1932.

Bailyn, Bernard. Voyagers to the west: a passage in the peopling of America on the eve of the Revolution. New York: Vintage, 1986. [Mostly on English and Scottish emigration, but some material on Ulster emigration.]

Dickson, R. J. Ulster emigration to colonial America, 1718-1785. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1966.

Doyle, David N. Ireland, Irishmen, and revolutionary America, 1760-1820. Cork: Mercier Press, 1981. By far the best book on early Irish immigration and Irish-America.

*Green, E. R. R., ed. Essays in Scotch-Irish history. London, 1969.

__________, "Scotch-Irish emigration: an imperial problem," Western Pennsylvania historical magazine, 35 (December 1952), 193-209.

__________, "'Strange humors' that drove the Scotch-Irish to America," William & Mary quarterly, 12 (1955).

*Miller, Kerby A. Emigrants and exiles: Ireland and the Irish exodus to North America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

 

The Scots-Irish in Colonial and Revolutionary America

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General

Bolton, C. K. The Scotch-Irish pioneers in Ulster and America. Boston: Bacon & Brown, 1910 (reprinted 1967).

Crozier, Alan, "The Scotch-Irish influence on American English," American speech, 59 (1984).

Dinsmore, J. W. The Scotch-Irish in America. Chicago, 1906.

Doyle, David N. Ireland, Irishmen, and revolutionary America, 1760-1820. Cork: Mercier Press, 1981.

*Evans, E. Estyn, "Cultural relics of the Ulster Scots in the old west of North America," Ulster folklife, 11 (1965).

*___________, "The Scotch-Irish in America: Atlantic heritage," Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 35 (1965).

*Fischer, David Hackett. Albion's seed: four British folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. [See above.]

Fitzpatrick, Rory. God's frontiersmen: the Scots-Irish epic. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989. [Semi-scholarly adaptation of the script of the documentary film series of the same name.]

Ford, Henry J. The Scotch-Irish in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915.

Graham, Ian C. C. Colonists from Scotland: emigration to North America, 1707-1783. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956. [May also contain material on the Scotch-Irish.]

*Green, E. R. R., ed. Essays in Scotch-Irish history. London, 1969.

Hanna, C. A. The Scotch-Irish in America. Two vols. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1968 reprint ed.

*Jones, Maldwyn A., "The Scotch-Irish in British America," in Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Strangers within the realm: cultural margins of the first British empire. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. Excellent historiographical and historical survey.

*Jordan, Terry G., and Matti Kaups. The American backwoods frontier: an ethnic and ecological interpretation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. Little on the Scots Irish, except by comparison, but an important study.

Landsman, Ned C. Scotland and its first American colony, 1683-1765. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985. [Also contains material relevant to the Scotch-Irish.]

*McDonald, Ellen Shapiro, and Forrest McDonald, "The ethnic origins of the American people, 1790," William & Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 37 (1980), 179-99. With critiques by Rowland Bertoff and Francis Jennings, and relies by the McDonalds.

The Scotch-Irish Society of America. The Scotch-Irish in America: Proceedings of the Scotch Irish Congress. Ten vols. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke (imprint varies), 1889-1901. [Antiquarian.]

Middle Atlantic Colonies

Cummings, Hubertis M. Scots breed and Susquehanna. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1964.

Dunaway, Wayland F. The Scotch-Irish of colonial Pennsylvania. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944.

Franz, George W. Paxton: a study of community structure and mobility in the colonial Pennsylvania backcountry. New York: Garland, 1989.

Harper, R. Eugene. The transformation of western Pennsylvania, 1770-1800. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993.

Klett, Guy S. Presbyterians in colonial Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1937.

*Lemon, James T. The best poor man's country: a geographical study of early southeastern Pennsylvania. New York: Norton, 1976.

Purvis, Thomas L., "Patterns of ethnic settlement in late eighteenth-century Pennsylvania," Western Pennsylvania historical magazine, 70 (1987), 107-22.

_______________, "The national origins of New Yorkers in 1790," New York history, 67 (1986), 133-53.

Salinger, Sharon V. "To serve well and faithfully": Labor and indentured servants in Pennsylvania, 1682-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Schwartz, Sally. "A mixed multitude": the struggle for toleration in colonial Pennsylvania. New York: NYU Press, 1993.

Southern Colonies

Beeman, Richard R., "Social change and cultural conflict in Virginia: Lunenberg County, 1746 1776," William & Mary quarterly, 3rd series, 35 (1978).

_____________. The evolution of the Southern backcountry: a case study of Lunenburg County, Virginia, 1746-1832. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984.

Blethen, H. Tyler and Curtis Wood, Jr. From Ulster to Carolina: the migration of the Scotch Irish. 2nd ed. Cullowhee, N.C., 1986.

Crane, Werner W. The southern frontier, 1670-1732. Philadelphia, 1929.

Cunningham, Rodger. Apples on the flood: the Southern mountain experience.

Dick, Everett. The Dixie frontier: a social history of the southern frontier from the first transmontaine beginnings to the Civil War. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.

Ekirch, A. Roger. "Poor Carolina": politics and society in colonial North Carolina, 1729-1776. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.

Green, E. R. R., "Queensborough township: Scotch-Irish emigration and the expansion of Georgia, 1763-1776," William & Mary quarterly, 17 (1960).

Hooker, Richard J., ed. The Carolina backcountry on the eve of the Revolution: the journals and other writings of Charles Woodmason, Anglican itinerant. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1953.

McDonald, Forrest, and Grady McWhiney, "The antebellum southern herdsman: a reinterpretation," Journal of southern history, 41 (1975), 147-66.

____________________________, "The south from self-sufficiency to peonage," American historical review, 36 (December 1980), 1095-1118.

McWhiney, Grady. Cracker culture: Celtics ways in the old south. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988.

Meriwether, Robert L. The expansion of South Carolina, 1729-1765. Kingsport, Tenn., 1946).

Mitchell, Robert D. Commercialism and frontier: perspectives on the early Shenandoah Valley. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1977.

Noble, Allen G., ed. To build in a new land: ethnic landscapes in North America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. [Includes an essay on the Scotch-Irish in the colonial South.]

Otto, John S. The southern frontiers, 1607-1860: the agricultural evolution of the colonial and antebellum south. Westport: Greenwood, 1989.

Ramsey, R. W. Carolina cradle . . . 1747-62. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1964.

Tillson, Albert H. Gentry and common folk: political culture on a Virginia frontier, 1740-1789. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991.

Weir, Robert M. Colonial South Carolina: a history. Milwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1983.

Scotch-Irish on the [generic] "Frontier"

Jordan, Terry G., and Matti Kaups. The American backwoods frontier: en ethnic and ecological interpretation. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1992. Little on Scots-Irish, except by comparison.

Lewis, Kenneth E. The American frontier: an archaelogical study of settlement pattern and process. New York: Academic Press, 1984.

Mitchell, Robert D., ed. Appalachian frontiers: settlement, society, and development in the preindustrial era. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991. Includes excellent overview article on Scots-Irish by Kenneth Keller.

Reid, Russell, "Church membership, consanguineous marriage, and migration in a Scotch-Irish frontier population," Journal of family history, 13 (1988), 397-414.

Sosin, Jack M. The revolutionary frontier, 1763-1783. New York, 1967.

Scotch-Irish Presbyterianism in Early America

Butler, Jon. Awash in a sea of faith: Christianizing the American people. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990.

Bonomi, Patricia U. Under the cope of heaven: religion, society, and politics in colonial America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. [Part II, on "Religion and politics," has lots of material on the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians ]

Klett, Guy S. Presbyterians in colonial Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1937.

Nybakken, Elizabeth I., "New light on the Old Side: Irish influences on colonial Presbyterianism," Journal of American history, 67 (March 1982), 813-32.

Trinterud, Leonard J. The forming of an American tradition: a re-examination of colonial Presbyterianism. Philadelphia, 1949.

Westerkamp, Marilyn J. Triumph of the laity: Scots_Irish piety and the Great Awakening, 1625 1760. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Scotch-Irish in Colonial and Revolutionary Politics

Baldwin, Leland D. The whiskey rebels: the story of a frontier uprising. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1939.

Bonomi, Patricia U. Under the cope of heaven: religion, society, and politics in colonial America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. [Part II, on "Religion and politics," has lots of information on the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, especially in Pennsylvania.]

Brown, Richard Maxwell. The South Carolina Regulators. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963.

Crow, Jeffrey J., and Larry E. Tise, eds. The Southern experience in the American Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978.

Crowley, John, "The Paxton disturbance and ideas of order in Pennsylvania politics," Pennsylvania history, 37 (1970), 317-39.

Doyle, David N. Ireland, Irishmen, and revolutionary America, 1760-1820. Cork: Mercier Press, 1981.

Ekirch, A. R. "Poor Carolina": politics and society in colonial North Carolina, 1729-1776. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.

________, "The North Carolina Regulators, 1766-1771," Perspectives in American history, 11 (1977-78).

Green, E. R. R., "The Scotch-Irish and the coming of the Revolution in North Carolina," Irish historical studies, 7 (1950).

Hindle, Brooke, "The march of the Paxton boys," William & Mary quarterly, 3rd series, 3 (1946), 461-86.

Hoffman, Ronald, et al., eds. The southern backcountry during the American Revolution. Charlotesville: University of Virginia Press, 1985.

Ireland, Owen S., "The ethnic-religious dimension of Pennsylvania politics, 1778-1779," William & Mary quarterly, 3rd series, 30 (1973), 423-49.

Kay, Marvin L. M., "The North Carolina Regulation, 1766-1776: a class conflict," in Afred F. Young, ed., The American Revolution: explorations in the history of American radicalism. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.

Klein, Rachel, "Ordering the backcountry: the South Carolina Regulation," William & Mary quarterly, 3rd series, 38 (October 1981), 661-680.

Ryerson, R. A., "Political mobilization and the American Revolution: the resistance movement in Philadelphia, 1765-1776," William & Mary quarterly, 3rd series, 31 (1974), 565-89.

Slaughter, Thomas P. The Whiskey Rebellion: frontier epilogue to the American Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Sosin, Jack M. The revolutionary frontier, 1763-1783. New York, 1967.

Whittenberg, James P., "Planters, merchants, and lawyers: social change and the origins of the North Carolina Regulation," William & Mary quarterly, 3rd series, 34 (1977).

The "Scotch-Irish" Identity Debate

Berthoff, Rowland, "Celtic mist over the south," Journal of southern history, 52 (1986), 523 46. [Critical review of the McDonald/McWhiney "Celtic south" interpretation.]

Eid, Leroy V., "The colonial Scotch-Irish: a view accepted too readily," Eire-Ireland: a journal of Irish studies, 21, no. 4 (Winter 1986), 81-105. [Modern rendition of Michael O'Brien's critique of "the Scotch-Irish myth."]

_________, "Irish, Scotch, and Scotch-Irish: a reconsideration," American Presbyterians, 64 (Winter 1986), 211-225. [Same as above.]

Fischer, David Hackett. Albion's seed: four British folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. [A sophistocated version of the McWhiney/McDonald "Celtic South" thesis.]

Jennings, Francis, Rowland Berthoff, Forrest McDonald, and Ellen Shapiro McDonald, "Communications and replies concerning the Scotch-Irish in early America," William & Mary quarterly, 3rd series, 37 (1980), 700-703.

Jones, Maldwyn Allen, "The Scotch-Irish in British America," in Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Strangers within the realm: cultural margins of the first British empire. Chapel Hill: University of North Carlina, 1991. [First few pages summarize "the "Scotch Irish myth" debate.]

Keller, Kenneth W., "What is distinctive about the Scotch-Irish?", in Robert D. Mitchell, ed., Appalachian frontiers: settlement, society, and development in the preindustrial era. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991.

Landsman, Ned C., "Border cultures, the backcountry, and 'north British' emigration to America," William & Mary quarterly, 48 (April 1991). [Critique of Fischer's "north British" cultural thesis in Albion's seed.]

McDonald, Ellen Shapiro, and Forrest McDonald, "The ethnic origins of the American people, 1790," William & Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 37 (1980), 179-99. With critiques by Rowland Berthoff and Francis Jennings, and replies by the McDonalds.

McDonald, Forrest, and Grady McWhiney, "The antebellum southern herdsman: a reinterpretation," Journal of southern history, 41 (1975), 147-66.

____________________________, "The south from self-sufficiency to peonage: an interpretation," American historical review, 85 (1980), 1095-1118.

McWhiney, Grady. Cracker culture: Celtic ways in the old south. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988.

Purvis, Thomas L., "The European ancestry of the United States population, 1790," William & Mary quarterly, 3rd series, 41 (1984).

O'Brien, Michael J., "The 'Scotch-Irish' myth," Journal of the American Irish historical society, 24 (1925), 142-53. [Starting point of the debate over Scotch-Irish numbers and identity in early America.]

Rodechko, James P., "Michael J. O'Brien: Irish-American historian," New-York historical society quarterly, 54 (1970), 173-92.

Scots-Irish in Missouri

Russell Gerlach has published several books on ethnicity in Missouri, especially in the Ozarks, in which he tries to trace residues of Scotch-Irish culture among the descendants of early 19th-century settlers whose ancestors came from Ulster, first settled in the Middle and Southern colonies, and later (in the American-born generations) migrated westward through Kentucky and Tennessee to southern Missouri.

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